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is
the error and control message protocol used by and the Internet protocol
family. It may be accessed through a for network monitoring and diagnostic
functions. The parameter to the socket call to create an socket is obtained
from sockets are connectionless, and are normally used with the and
calls, though the call may also be used to fix the destination for future
packets (in which case the or and or system calls may be used). Outgoing
packets automatically have an header prepended to them (based on the destination
address). Incoming packets are received with the header and options intact.
A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors
returned: when trying to establish a connection on a socket which already
has one, or when trying to send a datagram with the destination address
specified and the socket is already connected; when trying to send a datagram,
but no destination address is specified, and the socket hasn’t been connected;
when the system runs out of memory for an internal data structure; when
an attempt is made to create a socket with a network address for which
no network interface exists.
The protocol appeared
in
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